Vitamin B1

Thiamine

Introduction

• In 1926 thiamine was first vitamin to isolated in pure form
•  Thiamine is heat-labile and water-soluble of vitamin B,it is also known as B₁
• It is also with antioxidant , erythropoietic,mood modulating and glucose regulating artirates
•  Thiamine perform carbohydrate metabolism function in both animals and plants by active form-, as a component of co-enzyme “thyamine pyrophosphate”.

Structure

Chemical name

 Chemically Thiamine is 2,5-dimethyl,4-methyl-6-amino pyrimidin 5-oh ethyl thiazole.

-          Vitamin B₁ is also known as  Thiamine, Its also spelled Thiamin.

-          Some chemical name and structure are follow

1.       Chemical name

Thiamine nitrate (salt) ,thiamine mono nitrate B₁ nitrate

2.     Molecular formula

     C₁₂H₁₇H₅N₅O₄S.

3.     Molecular weight

                              327.36 gm /mol

4.    Chemical name
- aneurine mononitrate
-aneurine nitrate
-betabian mononitrate
-thiazolium,3(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)
-vitanen
thiamine pyrophosphate(thiamine disphosphate)

Structure

Thiamine react with Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)to from an active co-enzyme thiamine phosphate (diphosphate)

The part of TPP  molecule that is most commonly involved in reaction is the thiazol ring, which contain nitrogen and sulphur.

Occurance and food sources

Plant sources

·         In creals,grains.

·         it is concentrated in outer germ / bran layers (e.g. : rice , polishing)

·         other good sources are peas , beans , whole creals  , grain , brans ,nuts ,prunes etc

Animal source

Thiamine is presnt in most animal tissues . liver , meat, and eggs supply considerable amounts . ham/pork meats are particularly rich , milk are low concentration , but a good source.

Storage

Thiamine is presnt in both kidneys , liver , skeletal muscle , and in brain .

·         the amount of thiamine in body approx. 25 mg.

Requirement

Benefits of thiamine

 

Recommended intake

·       Recomended dietry allowance(RDA)

Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet they nutrients requirement

·       Adequate intake

Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritianaladequency established when evidence is sufficient to develop an RDA.

·         Tolerable upper intake(UL)

Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects

Physiological role

-          TPP is necessary for the action of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutratein carbohydrate metabolism and for action of transketolase.

-          These TTP also involved in HMP shunt and glycolysis.

-          Thiamine maintain healthy skin and muscle tone

-          Reduces risk of pancreatic cancer

-          Enhance immune and nervous system function, promote cell growth and divison , including that of red blood cells that help prevent anemia

-          Thiamine help to convert carbohydrate into glucose.

Mode of action

Activation of thiamine

Deficiency of vitamin B₁

defficiency of vitamin b₁can affect the cardiovascular, nervous and immune system as in commonly seen in wet beriberi,dry beriberiand Wernicke korsaff syndrome.

Beriberi

Beriberi is a serious and potentially lite threalling condition that develops it a person has defficiency  of thiamin . A severe in this nutrients can leads to lasting damage in nervous system and heart, two forms:

·        Wet beriberi  

       Wet briberi, which mainly affects the cardiovascular system causing poor circulation and fluid build up in the tissues.

·        Dry beriberi

        Dry beriberi which primarly affects the nervous system, leading to the deganeratians of the nerves typically begins in legs and arms.

SYMPTOM  OF BERIBERI :

·         Increased heart rate.

·         Shortness of breath .

·         Swelling in legs and feet .

·         General pain body aches .

·         Vomiting , difficulty in walking.

DIAGNOSIS OF BERIBERI :

Doctor relay on both blood and urine test to help  measure the level of thiamine in person blood stream to diagnosis beriberi.

TREATMENT OF BERIBERI :

The goal of treatment for beriberi  is to increase thiamin level in body and recomende oval supplement or injection to deliver this health.

Wernicke-karsakoff syndrome

         Wernicke karsoff is type of brain disorders caused by a lack of brain disorder caused by lack of thiamin, developed in alcoholic due to decrease absorption of B₁

SYMPTOMS OF WERNICKE :

·         Confusians.

·         Loss of muscles co-ordination.

·         Changes in visian such as mystagmus (rapid, uncontroll eye movement

SYMPTOMS OF KARSKOFF :

·         Memory loss.

·         Difficult forming new memories.

·         Hallucination.

·         Confabulation (making up stories)

CAUSES :

Because drinking hearily interferes with your body absorbed or store thiamine.

DIAGNOSIS : 

Doctor relay on both blood and urine test to help  measure the level of thiamine in person

blood stream to diagnosis beriberi.

TRATEMENT :

The goal of treatment for beriberi  is to increase thiamin level in body and recomende oval supplement or injection to deliver this health.

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Vitamin B7

INTRODUCTION:

Vitamin B7, more commonly known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is vital for the body’s metabolism and functioning. It is an essential component of a number of enzymes responsible for several crucial metabolic pathways in the human body, including the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, as well as amino acids involved in protein synthesis.

Biotin is known to promote cell growth and is often a component of dietary supplements used for strengthening hair and nails, as well as those marketed for skin care. 

CHEMICAL NAME:

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

STRUCTURE:

SOURCES OF VITAMIN B7:

Vitamin B7 is found in a number of foods, though in small amounts. This includes walnuts, peanuts, cereals, milk, and egg yolks. Other foods that contain this vitamin are whole meal bread, salmon, pork, sardines, mushroom and cauliflower. Fruits that contain biotin include avocados, bananas and raspberries. In general, a healthy varied diet provides the body with sufficient amounts of biotin.

 

RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF VITAMIN B7:

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN B7:

Vitamin B7 promotes appropriate function of the nervous system and is essential for liver metabolism as well. Biotin is commonly advised as a dietary supplement for strengthening hair and nails, as well as in skin care. It is suggested that biotin aids cell growth and the maintenance of mucous membranes. Your body needs biotin to help convert certain nutrients into energy. It also plays an important role in the health of your hair, skin, and nails.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF VITAMIN B7 :

Biotin is the prosthetic group of certain enzymes that catalyse CO2-transfer reaction (CO2 fixation reaction). In biologic system, biotin functions as the coenzyme for the enzyme called carboxylases, which catalyse the CO2-fixation (Carboxylation).

In this process, Biotin is first converted to carboxybiotincomplex by reaction with HCO3 – and ATP. “CO2-biotin complex’’ is the source of “active” CO2 which is transferred to the substrate, CO2 becomes attached to the biotin coenzyme as shown below.

Examples of carboxylation or “CO2-fixation” reactions in biologic systems are given in box.

CO2 fixation reactions

• Conversion of acetyl-CoA to Malonyl-CoA: In the first step of extra mitochondrial ‘de Novo’ FA synthesis, the acetyl- CoA is converted to Malonyl-CoA, the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

• Conversion of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA:

The enzyme catalysing the reaction is propionyl-CoA carboxylase.

• Conversion of pyruvic acid to oxalo-acetate: The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is Pyruvate carboxylase. Other reactions where Biotin has been incriminated are:

• Conversion of β-methyl crotonyl-CoA to β-methyl glutaconyl-

CoA:

 In their conversion in leucine metabolism, the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme β-methyl-erotonyl-CoA carboxylase.

Vitamin B7 Deficiency

Overt biotin deficiency is very rare in humans. However, marginal biotin deficiency can be measured by several indicators such as reduced propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes and reduced urinary excretion of biotin

Causes/ Risk factors

Deficiency has been shown during prolonged intravenous (‘parenteral’) feeding without vitamin B7 supplementation and consumption of raw egg white for a prolonged period (many weeks to years), since an antimicrobial protein found in raw egg white (avidin) binds biotin and prevents its absorption . Cooking denatures avidin, making it digestible and hence stops its interference with the biotin absorption . Research suggests that a substantial number (at least one-third) of women develop marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy because the rapidly growing fetus requires biotin for the synthesis of essential biotin-dependent enzymes and proteins.

Symptoms

Signs of overt biotin deficiency include hair loss and a characteristic scaly red rash in the face (around the eyes, nose, mouth), and in the genital area. Neurologic symptoms in adults have included depression, lethargy, hallucination, numbness and tingling of the extremities, and ataxia

Treatment

Biotinidase deficiency is treated with oral biotin (vitamin H; coenzyme R, part of vitamin B complex) supplements. Treatment should begin as soon as the diagnosis is made. With biotin treatment, symptoms of the disorder may disappear.

Vitamin B5

Introduction

Pantothenic acid (also known as vitamin B5) is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. The main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein CoA is essential for fatty acid synthesis and degradation, transfer of acetyl and acyl groups, and a multitude of other anabolic and catabolic processes. Acyl carrier protein’s main role is in fatty acid synthesis

Chemistry

•         Pantothenic acid consists of β-alanine in peptide linkage with a dihydroxy dimethyl butyric acid (‘Pantoic’ acid).

Βalanine + Pantoic acid →Pantothenic acid

•         The free acid is soluble in water and is hydrolysedby  acids/or alkalies. It is thermolabile and destroyed by heat.

Chemical Name

Pantothenic Acid

Structure

Dietary Sources

Vitamin B5 is an easy vitamin to incorporate into a good diet. It’s found in most vegetables, including:

•      broccoli
•     members of the cabbage family
•     white and sweet potatoes
•     whole-grain cereals

Other healthy sources of B5 include:

•      mushrooms
•      nuts
•     beans
•     peas
•     lentils
•     meats
•     poultry
•     dairy products
•     eggs

 

Recommended Intake

Physiological Role

■ Biochemical Role of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Pantothenic acid forms a part of the molecule of coenzyme A (CoA-SH) which is concerned with the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Coenzyme A takes part in many physiological reactions, e.g. formation of acetyle-S-CoA and succinyl-S-CoA, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the utilization of acetoacetic acid, synthesis of cholesterol and in many other biochemical reactions. Coenzyme A can be represented as given below.

 

In addition to forming a part of the molecule of Coenzyme A Pantothenic acid also occurs in the molecule of Acyl carrier protein (ACP) which takes part in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Folic acid and biotin seem to be needed for the utilization of the vitamin.

Mechanism of action

Deficiency Disorders

 No deficiency disease has been recognised in man. This may be due to: Its widespread distribution in food stuffs and supply from synthesis by bacterial flora of intestines.

Deficiency manifestations observed in experimental animals are:

Dermatitis, Loss of hair (alopecia): circumocularspectacle” alopecia and graying of hairs, GImanifestations: Include gastritis and enteritis with ulceration and haemorrhagicdiarrhoea, fatty Liver develops in dogs and rats, anaemia develops in certain species and in severe cases, hypoplasia of bone marrow.

Nervous system manifestations include: Myelin degeneration of peripheral nerves and degenerative changes in posterior root ganglia.

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Vitamin B9

INTRODUCTION OF VITAMIN B9 ( FOLIC ACID )

Vitamin B9, as known as folate, describes a group of derivatives of pteryl glutamic acid and folic acid is the synthetic form of folate used in supplements and for food fortification.

       It is a complex B vitamin, similar to vitamin B-12. Vitamin B9 and its forms carryout the crucial functions of creating more red blood cells, preventing hearing loss, and preserving the brain health of infants.

      Folic acid is particularly important for women who are pregnant to consume enough folic acid. This helps prevent the fetus from developing major congenital deformities of the brain or spine, including neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. 

BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM:

·         Many microorganisms including those inhabiting the intestinal tract can synthesize folic acid. Some of them cannot synthesize PABA, which has to be supplied. In presence of ATP and CoA-SH, PABA reacts with glutamic acid to form “ p-amino – benzoyl glutamic acid”. The latter then reacts with a “Pterin” to produce “ pteroylmonoglutamic acid, PGA” ( folic acid ); pterin moiety is probably derived from Guanosine.

EFFECT OF DRUGS: 
Sulphonamide drugs and antibiotic  inhibit  their growth by blocking the incorporation of PABA in the synthetic pathway.

·         Higher animals including human beings cannot synthesize folic acid and it has to be supplied in diet. In human beings, intestinal bacteria can synthesize and is a good source.

TYPES OF VITAMIN B9

Folic acid and folate are both terms for a type of vitamin B9. Folate is a B vitamin that occurs naturally in foods such as green leafy vegetables, citrus fruit and beans. Folic acid is man-made  ( synthetic ) folate. It is found in supplements  and added to fortified foods.

CHEMICAL NAME OF VITAMIN B9

( 2S )-2-[ 4-{[( 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridin-6-yl ) methyl ] amino } formamido ] pentanedioic acid

STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B9

DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B9

Vitamin B9 is an essential dietary component due to its important role in metabolic functions. B9 is crucial for DNA synthesis , proliferation and recycling of methionine, an amino acid important for protein synthesis.

        Furthermore, it plays a part in several other biosynthetic and catabolic reactions in the body. Vitamin B9 is commonly referred to as folate, which is the generic name for a large number of compounds, and the synthetic  form of B9 is folic acid.

Sources of vitamin B9 include:

·         Liver

·         Dark green vegetables

·         Fortified cereals

·         Bread

·         Chickpeas

·         Orange juice

RECOMMENDED INTAKE OF VITAMIN B9

The recommended daily amount of folate for adults is 400 micrograms ( mcg ). Adult women who are planning pregnancy or could become pregnant should be advised to get 400 to 800 mcg of folic acid a day.

 

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN B9

Vitamin B9 help the body convert food ( carbohydrates )  into fuel ( glucose ), which is used to produce energy. Folic acid helps tissues grow and cells work. Vitamin B9 work with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to help the body breakdown, use and create new proteins. It helps to form red blood cells ( helps prevent anemia ).

     Folic acid is crucial for proper brain function and plays an important role in mental and emotional health. It aids in the production of DNA & RNA, the body’s genetic material and is especially important when cells and tissues are growing rapidly, such as infancy, adolescence and pregnancy.

Vitamin B9 control blood vessels of the amino acid homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine are associated with heart disease, however researches are not sure whether homocysteine  is a cause of heart disease or just a marker that indicates someone may have heart disease.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF VITAMIN B9

Folic acid is required by the body for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine before incorporation into DNA or protein.

      In order to function within the body, folic acid must first be reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase ( DHFR ) into the cofactors dihydrofolate ( DHF ) and tetrahydrofolate ( THF ). This important pathway which is required for de novo synthesis of nucleic acids and amino acids, is distrupted by anti-metabolite therapies such as Methotrexate as they function as DHFR inhibitors to prevent DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, and therefore prevent the formation of DHF and THF. When used in high doses such as for cancer therapy, or in low doses such as for Rheumatoid Arthritis or psoriasis, Methotrexate impedes the body’s ability to create folic acid. This results in a deficiency of coenzymes and a resultant buildup of toxic substances that are responsible for numerous adverse side effects.

DEFICIENCY DISORDER OF VITAMIN B9

Vitamin B9 is a water-soluble vitamin that’s essential for your health. Your body doesn’t store vitamin B9 so you can become deficient in a matter of weeks. Vitamin B9 deficiency can lead to anaemia and might increase your risk of heart disease. It’s also really important during early pregnancy for a developing baby.

       Signs of deficiency include tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath and difficulty concentrating.

REASON OF DEFICIENCY: 

Anemia is a condition that happens when you don’t have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to your body’s tissues. One reason could be that you don’t have enough hemoglobin to make red blood cells.

SYMPTOMS OF DISORDERS:  

Signs and symptoms of vitamin deficiency anemia include :

·         Fatigue

·         Shortness of breath

·         Dizziness

·         Pale or yellowish skin

·         Irregular heartbeats

·         Weight loss

·         Numbness or tingling in your hands and feet

·         Muscle weakness

·         Personality changes

·         Unsteady movements

·         Mental confusion or forgetfulness

TREATMENT OF DEFICIENCY: 

Folate deficiency anemia is prevented and treated by eating a healthy diet. This includes foods rich in folic acid such as nuts, leafy green vegetables, enriched breads and cereals and fruit. Your doctor will also likely prescribe you a daily folic acid supplement. If your folate levels return to normal, you may be able to stop taking it. But some people need a supplement for life.

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