Vitamin B1

Thiamine

Introduction

• In 1926 thiamine was first vitamin to isolated in pure form
•  Thiamine is heat-labile and water-soluble of vitamin B,it is also known as B₁
• It is also with antioxidant , erythropoietic,mood modulating and glucose regulating artirates
•  Thiamine perform carbohydrate metabolism function in both animals and plants by active form-, as a component of co-enzyme “thyamine pyrophosphate”.

Structure

Chemical name

 Chemically Thiamine is 2,5-dimethyl,4-methyl-6-amino pyrimidin 5-oh ethyl thiazole.

-          Vitamin B₁ is also known as  Thiamine, Its also spelled Thiamin.

-          Some chemical name and structure are follow

1.       Chemical name

Thiamine nitrate (salt) ,thiamine mono nitrate B₁ nitrate

2.     Molecular formula

     C₁₂H₁₇H₅N₅O₄S.

3.     Molecular weight

                              327.36 gm /mol

4.    Chemical name
- aneurine mononitrate
-aneurine nitrate
-betabian mononitrate
-thiazolium,3(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)
-vitanen
thiamine pyrophosphate(thiamine disphosphate)

Structure

Thiamine react with Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)to from an active co-enzyme thiamine phosphate (diphosphate)

The part of TPP  molecule that is most commonly involved in reaction is the thiazol ring, which contain nitrogen and sulphur.

Occurance and food sources

Plant sources

·         In creals,grains.

·         it is concentrated in outer germ / bran layers (e.g. : rice , polishing)

·         other good sources are peas , beans , whole creals  , grain , brans ,nuts ,prunes etc

Animal source

Thiamine is presnt in most animal tissues . liver , meat, and eggs supply considerable amounts . ham/pork meats are particularly rich , milk are low concentration , but a good source.

Storage

Thiamine is presnt in both kidneys , liver , skeletal muscle , and in brain .

·         the amount of thiamine in body approx. 25 mg.

Requirement

Benefits of thiamine

 

Recommended intake

·       Recomended dietry allowance(RDA)

Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet they nutrients requirement

·       Adequate intake

Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritianaladequency established when evidence is sufficient to develop an RDA.

·         Tolerable upper intake(UL)

Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects

Physiological role

-          TPP is necessary for the action of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutratein carbohydrate metabolism and for action of transketolase.

-          These TTP also involved in HMP shunt and glycolysis.

-          Thiamine maintain healthy skin and muscle tone

-          Reduces risk of pancreatic cancer

-          Enhance immune and nervous system function, promote cell growth and divison , including that of red blood cells that help prevent anemia

-          Thiamine help to convert carbohydrate into glucose.

Mode of action

Activation of thiamine

Deficiency of vitamin B₁

defficiency of vitamin b₁can affect the cardiovascular, nervous and immune system as in commonly seen in wet beriberi,dry beriberiand Wernicke korsaff syndrome.

Beriberi

Beriberi is a serious and potentially lite threalling condition that develops it a person has defficiency  of thiamin . A severe in this nutrients can leads to lasting damage in nervous system and heart, two forms:

·        Wet beriberi  

       Wet briberi, which mainly affects the cardiovascular system causing poor circulation and fluid build up in the tissues.

·        Dry beriberi

        Dry beriberi which primarly affects the nervous system, leading to the deganeratians of the nerves typically begins in legs and arms.

SYMPTOM  OF BERIBERI :

·         Increased heart rate.

·         Shortness of breath .

·         Swelling in legs and feet .

·         General pain body aches .

·         Vomiting , difficulty in walking.

DIAGNOSIS OF BERIBERI :

Doctor relay on both blood and urine test to help  measure the level of thiamine in person blood stream to diagnosis beriberi.

TREATMENT OF BERIBERI :

The goal of treatment for beriberi  is to increase thiamin level in body and recomende oval supplement or injection to deliver this health.

Wernicke-karsakoff syndrome

         Wernicke karsoff is type of brain disorders caused by a lack of brain disorder caused by lack of thiamin, developed in alcoholic due to decrease absorption of B₁

SYMPTOMS OF WERNICKE :

·         Confusians.

·         Loss of muscles co-ordination.

·         Changes in visian such as mystagmus (rapid, uncontroll eye movement

SYMPTOMS OF KARSKOFF :

·         Memory loss.

·         Difficult forming new memories.

·         Hallucination.

·         Confabulation (making up stories)

CAUSES :

Because drinking hearily interferes with your body absorbed or store thiamine.

DIAGNOSIS : 

Doctor relay on both blood and urine test to help  measure the level of thiamine in person

blood stream to diagnosis beriberi.

TRATEMENT :

The goal of treatment for beriberi  is to increase thiamin level in body and recomende oval supplement or injection to deliver this health.

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